Saturday, 3 September 2022

What is the purpose of composing Ramayana by Sage Valmiki?


Anyone who reads/listens to Ramayana, may understand the purpose of composing Ramayana, according to One's own way of approach

 If one approaches Ramayana

  • as a first-time reader, the birth, marriage, moving to Forest alongwith wife, abduction of his wife, his friendship with Sugriva, the adventures of Sri Hanuman, war with Ravana and finally bringing back his wife Sita by Sri Rama enthralls the reader
  • as a story teller/writer, One will be bewildered by the lucid and beautiful narrations of scenery, human feelings, bravey, fights between warriors, etc, be it in Ayodhya Kanda, Aranya Kanda, or Yuddha Kanda.
  • as a devotee, One will be moved thoroughly with the devotion of Jatayu, Sabiri, Sita, Lakshmana, etc, towards Sri Rama.
  • as a person interested in political intricacies, one will be astounded with the subtle of thinking of Sri Rama or Sri Hanuman or fearless attitude of various warriors in different situations, be it dealing with inviting a person from opposite camp or providing advice to opponent fearlessly in the midst of their followers, etc
  • as a neutral person, one will be attracted towards the unshaken devotion towards to duty, against all odds shown by Sri Hanuman, Lakshmana, Sugriva, Bharata, etc

and so on.

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What was  the purpose for which  Ramayana was composed by Sage Valmiki?

So this for trying to anaylise this dimension, ie., composer's point of view.

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The prevalent notion is that Shri Rama was the incarnation of Vishnu.  The moment one links the adoration of Shri Rama with the divinity of Vishnu, the great values Shri Rama upheld in his times, will be forgotten by the commoner.

So , let us forget this dimension of Shri Rama,  the incarnation of Vishnu.  And, scrutinise the character of  Shri Rama critically, considering Shri Rama as any other human being with values. 

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If we study Valmiki Ramayana carefully, we can understand that Sage Valmiki definitely had a purpose in his mind to compose Ramayana.

Was it
  • to project Shri Rama and Sita as ideal couple for the mankind?
  • to project Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrigna, as the ideal brothers?
  • to project Shri Hanuman as a adherent to Vedic Dharma (dakshinAchAra - please remember that Shri Hanuman alone was called as dakshinO -  दक्षिणो by Sage Valmiki), and superiority of dakshinAchAra over vAmAchAra?
  • to project the moral values to the mankind?
  • to project the consequences of excessive sexual impulse, through Ravana?
  • to project the importance of adherence to Satya - righteousness and Dharma, in physical as well as spiritual realms?
In my view, Sage Valmiki might have kept all the above aspects in mind, while composing Ramayana.  

However, the underlying aspect, for achieving every other thing, perhaps, is adherence to Satya - righteousness and Dharma, was given more importance by Sage Valmiki.

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In physical dimension

In Ayodhya Kanda of Valmiki Ramayana, the qualities of Sri Rama were mentioned by Sage Valmiki.

धर्मज्ञः सत्यसन्धश्च शीलवाननसूयकः |
क्षान्तः सान्त्वयिता श्लक्ष्ह्णः कृतज्ञो विजितेन्द्रियः || २-२-३१

"Rama knows all righteousness. He is true to his word and has good character. He has no envy. He has patience. He consoles those who are in troubles. He speaks good words. He has gratitude. He keeps senses under control."

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Whoever reads Ramayana carefully will understand that Shri Rama adhered to Dharma and kept his word - सत्यसन्धश्च - be it in (i) abdicating his right to get himself coronated, following a word given to his step-mother Kakeyi,  (ii)  eliminating demons, following an assurance given to rishies, (iii) helping Sugriva in eliminating Vali, etc.

Even mAricha, a follower of Ravana, acknowledges the virtues of Shri Rama - adherence to Dharma - धर्मज्ञः and Satya, in the following sloka.

रामो विग्रहवान् धर्मः साधुः सत्य पराक्रमः |
राजा सर्वस्य लोकस्य देवानाम् इव वासवः || ३-३७-१३

"Rama is the embodiment of righteousness, he is an equable person with truthfulness as his valour, and as with Indra to all gods he is the king of entire world."

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Now, further questions arise, as to 

  • the outcome of being adherent to Dharma and Satya, other than being renowned so?  
  • does any ascetic power resulted while being so?

The answer is, YES, Shri Rama did acquire an ascetic power, by being adherent to Dharma and Satya.  However, he never used that power, but Lakshmana used it to eliminate Indrajit.

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In a terrific fight that ensued, Lakshmana and Indrajit, who were engaged in releasing several streams of arrows, fought like two lions. Lakshmana the foremost among humans and Indrajit the foremost among demons fought with rejoice.


That fierce battle went on for a longer period due to exchange of many ASTRAs presided by various deities like Varuna, Agni, Maheswara, etc.

Finally fitting a missile presided over by Indra to his bow and drawing it, Lakshmana discharged it at Indrajit, after making the following prayer:

धर्मात्मा सत्यसन्धश्च रामो दाशरथिर्यदि ||
पौरुषे चाप्रतिद्वन्द्वस्तदेनं जहि रावणिम् |  

(Yuddha Kanda - Sarga 90 -  Sloka 71)

“O my dear arrow! If Rama the son of Dasaratha has set his mind on virtue (Dharma)keeps up his promise and is second to none in his prowess, destroy this Indrajit.” 

That large head of Indrajit, separated from his trunk and moistened with blood, was seen on the ground, shining like gold.

We have to understand that the knowledge of Lakshmana in divine weapons did not kill the great warrior Indrajit.  

It was the ascetic power of Sri Rama consisting of virtue (Dharma - धर्मात्मा)keeps up his promise (सत्यसन्धश्च) and is second to none in his prowess (or) not to be vanquishedअप्रतिद्वन्द्व: पौरुषे) that eliminated the Indrajit.  

Lakshmana was  only instrumental.


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In spiritual dimension


Adherence to Satya - righteousness and Dharma are founding blocks for moving in SPIRITUAL realm also.  Even many sages advised the spiritual aspirants to adhere to Satya, but why?

It is because even the God is stated be in possession of TRUTH.  Hence, adherence to Satya - righteousness is prerequisite for all spiritual aspirants.

The root literature of Sanatana Dharma, ie., Rig Veda says so.

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Shri Aurobindo gave a different perspective to the word ॠत्विजम् in this first mantra of Rig Veda.


Agnimīḷe purohitam yajṇ̃asya devamṛtvijam, hotāram ratnadhātamam.

ॠत्विजम् (ṛtvijam)

This word is taken in the ceremonial interpretation of the Veda in the later sense of *Ritwik*, a sacrificial priest, and it is explained by separating as ऋतु+ इज् (ṛtu+ ij), one who sacrifices seasonably. 

In reality, ॠत्विज् (ṛtvij) is a very old word compounded in ancient Sanskrit before the creation of the modern rules of Sandhi, and is composed of ऋत् (ṛt), truth, and विज् (vij), ecstasy or ecstatic. It means one who has the ecstasy of the truth or सत्यम् (satyam).

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We have to remember that the different names that appear in Rig Veda, ie., Agni, Indra, Vishnu, Brihaspati, Saraswati, etc, are only epithets of ONE God.

The following illustrations may be considered, which explains that the God is with TRUTH.

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Rig veda 1.77.1 (In praise of AGNI)

क॒था दा॑शेमा॒ग्नये॒ कास्मै॑ दे॒वजु॑ष्टोच्यते भा॒मिने॒ गीः  

यो मर्त्ये॑ष्व॒मृत॑ ऋ॒तावा॒ होता॒ यजि॑ष्ठ॒ इत्कृ॒णोति॑ दे॒वान्

He who in the sacrifices is the priest of the offering, full of peace, full of the Truth, him verily form in you by your surrenderings; when Agni manifests1 for the mortals the gods, he also has perception of them and by the mind offers to them the sacrifice.

 Rig veda 4.50.3 (In praise of Brihaspati)

 

बृह॑स्पते॒ या प॑र॒मा प॑रा॒वदत॒ त॑ ऋत॒स्पृशो॒ नि षे॑दुः  

तुभ्यं॑ खा॒ता अ॑व॒ता अद्रि॑दुग्धा॒ मध्व॑: श्चोतन्त्य॒भितो॑ विर॒प्शम्

 

O Brihaspati, that which is the highest supreme of existence, thither from this world they attain and take their seat who touch the Truth. For thee are dug the wells of honey which drain this hill and their sweetnesses stream out on every side and break into overflowing.


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The conclusion is that Sage Valmiki followed the Vedic Dharma and thus stressed the importance of adherence to SATYA, while composing Ramayana, through his central character Shri Rama.




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